இந்திய ஜனநாயகத்துக்கு எதிரியாகும் ஏகத்துவம்

Monotheism: The challenge to Indian democracy
By Dr Vijaya Rajiva

By a process of elimination one arrives at the real reason: the compulsion for any monotheistic faith to expand by proselytisation. This applies equally to Christianity.

To a secular person and indeed to the Hindu this seems incomprehensible. Nevertheless that is the raison d’etre for unceasing missionary activity in India. While during the British Raj, the missionaries were emboldened to publicly abuse the Hindu religion, during the post-Independence period, that had ceased and the indigenous Christian community had quietly led their lives, made their contributions to national life and saw themselves as truly Indian.

The Hindu ethos does not require a commitment to monotheism. The cardinal belief here is that all belief systems are equally valid and monotheism is only one such belief system.

The two monotheistic faiths in India, Islam and Christianity, present a set of challenges that the Indian polity must face head on if India is to survive as a democracy. The central principle of both these faiths is the belief in the one god, defined by its adherents as such and entailing belief in one prophet or divine redeemer, and this belief while it could be and has been accommodated by the Indian Constitution which guarantees freedom of worship, and in the case of Islam the practice of Sharia in civil matters, is in danger of overturning the Indian polity by causing a revival of identity politics.

The Hindu ethos does not require a commitment to monotheism. The cardinal belief here is that all belief systems are equally valid and monotheism is only one such belief system.

Hence, a Hindu can enter a church and worship the Christian god without being ostracised by the community and indeed the Hindu mystic Ramakrishna had the pictures of all the founders of religions hanging on the walls of his prayer room. The second aspect of the two monotheistic faiths is their objection to what is termed as ‘idol worship’. Here again, this is a misunderstanding of the nature of symbolism and representation in religious worship. The Divine Principle in the Hindu faith is infinite and therefore has infinite names and appearances, not one name or one manifestation. And all Hindu saints and sages down the ages are revered equally, and neither is there need for a special mediator between the individual and the Divine Principle. Islam, of course, only recognises the one mediator, the Prophet Mohammed.

These significant differences have not in post-Independence India caused any problems and all three faiths went about their daily worship without impinging on each other’s domains. There were the occasional skirmishes left over from the past, when Hindus complained of Muslim slaughter of cows and Muslims complained of the sound of Hindu temple bells in the vicinity of mosques. Occasionally this would erupt in violence but nothing lasting. And with regard to Christianity, there were the discreet conversions to Christianity, at which the Hindu community turned an indifferent eye.

This all has changed, first with the increase of missionary activity and with the eruption of terrorism, which can and should be viewed not as an attempt at Muslim expansionism, the search for Lebensraum, emanating from the Kashmir region, but as the expression of an age-long desire to proselytize and convert the infidels. In the interests of political correctness, Indian intellectuals have remained silent on this question, which cannot be postponed any longer, if India is to remain a secular democracy.

The bomb explosions are clearly the work of Taliban and Al Qaeda affiliates within India. In the most recent serial bombs in Tripura in the North East, bordering Bangladesh and the two bombs in the Delhi market place, and those in Gujarat and Maharashtra, there is similarity in the methods used, and the possible culpability of Bangladesh Muslim immigrants cannot be ruled out. A group calling itself the Bangladesh Hizbullah has made no secret of its intentions to cause murder and mayhem within India.

Since India is well within the UN designated Line of Control in Kashmir and has no political problems with Bangladesh, the question arises as to the real agenda of these terrorist groups. Merely, the presence of Indian authority in the Kashmir Valley, does not explain the rise of the separatist movement which knows clearly that legally speaking it cannot go anywhere, since the accession of the Maharajah to India was perfectly legal and is still legally valid. And minus the presence of the separatist militants, the Muslim population is satisfied with its connection to a prosperous and stable India. Pakistan’s precarious situation is well known in the region, especially to the residents of the Kashmir Valley.

By a process of elimination one arrives at the real reason : the compulsion for any monotheistic faith to expand by proselytisation. This applies equally to Christianity. After all, India in Left parlance, is locked into the international capitalist system, especially the American one. And the Nuclear deal recently signed onto between the Indian PM and the Bush administration fetches jobs and profits for American companies. What then, is the need for missionary activity inside India, except the burning desire to bring souls to Christ ?

To a secular person and indeed to the Hindu this seems incomprehensible. Nevertheless that is the raison d’etre for unceasing missionary activity in India. While during the British Raj, the missionaries were emboldened to publicly abuse the Hindu religion, during the post-Independence period, that had ceased and the indigenous Christian community had quietly led their lives, made their contributions to national life and saw themselves as truly Indian. Now, however, there is the spectacle of such entities as Life Vision, a fundamentalist Christian outfit in Mangalore(Karnataka) which distributes literature containing scurrilous reference to Hindu deities, which are not fit to be repeated in decent company. Likewise, quite unusually, painters such as the well known MF Husain have taken to depict Hindu deities in insulting (to the Hindu consciousness) modes.

These are new developments in India, alongwith the rise of the nationalist parties such as the BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) which was in power between 1994-1999. Their coming to power at the Centre was preceded by the demolition of the Babri mosque in 1992, claimed by the Hindu nationalists as having been built over a Hindu temple(as indeed many were during the Muslim conquest). Then, followed the horrific burning of Hindu pilgrims returning in a train from Ayodhya, the majority being women and children, followed by the horrific massacre of Muslims as a revenge attack, where according to official estimates 1044 people were killed, 790 of them being Muslim and 254 Hindus, with 223 missing and 2548 injured, 919 women widowed, and 606 children orphaned.

And last month the horrific murder of an 81-year-old Hindu monk and his associates, one Hindu nun and a child, by Christian converts. All this followed by revenge attacks on both sides, with a spreading attack on Christian churches in other parts of India. The Christian community, which is a two per cent minority, is understandably alarmed at this sudden eruption by Hindu militancy.

Indian news media is inundated with responses ,from both the Muslim and Christian sectors deploring the loss of unity in the Indian polity. The well known Indian journalist MJ Akbar had once observed that Indian Muslims are the only Muslims in the whole world who have enjoyed uninterrupted democracy for sixty years! And an Indian Roman Catholic prelate writing from Rome has shed tears, not just for his Christian community but for what he sees as the slow breakdown of Indian democracy.

In response to this the incumbent government of Manmohan Singh and his allies in government have called for unity in the face of unexpected challenges. MJ Akbar has remarked that the terrorists had not aimed at the Indian government but at the people of India, and the people of India have risen to the challenge and continued calmly with their daily lives. The leader of the BJP, Shri Advani has called for an inter faith dialogue.

In the opinion of this writer, that is not enough. Indian intellectuals have to resume the age-old responsibility of the intellectual and display some intellectual honesty and not take refuge in political correctness. They must meet head on the problem of how the two monotheistic faiths can co-exist with the Hindu ethos. While sincerely held religious beliefs need not and should not be abandoned by the two monotheistic faiths, there could be a better appreciation on their part of the millennia old Indian history which unfolded several thousand years before either Islam or Christianity. This historical process is the famed Hindu synthesis of three main stratums, the Aryan, the Indus Valley Civilisation and the indigenous population, whose origins have been traced to Australoid tribes.

Once the two monotheistic faiths grasp the panorama of Indian history they will come to understand that Indian democracy is a strongly rooted tree and will not be shaken, despite temporary setbacks. This way, all three major communities and the smaller Buddhist, Jain, Sikh, Zorastrian and the small jewish communities can co-exist in peace and prosperity. India has survived many conquerors and two occupations and has emerged intact.

(This article was first published in Palestine Chronicle. Dr Vijaya Rajiva taught Political Philosophy. at University in Canada.)

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